The aim of this post is to provide the transition from time-independence to time-dependence within a simple economic model for further reference.
For that purpose we consider a single consumer-worker. This agent obeys a time constraint on labour L and free time F

We introduce a utility function U as

for a given
. There is a budget constraint W given as price p times consumption C equals wage rate w times labour L.

The agent now maximizes
such that
. Let us solve that. Lagrange equations yield

and

with constraint

Thus

Solving that for C and plugging it into the budget constraint yields
.
Solving this for F and again using the budget constraint shows that

and

solves the maximization problem. So far there is no time evolution. To introduce such a dynamics we mimic mechanics and set
. Demand is a function of price and its derivative. For economists the
comes from nowhere. Especially since it is not obvious at all how to define the derivative of a price evolution. For now it has to suffice that eventually we shall understand the derivative in a distributional sense and until then we treat it as a formal parameter.
The time-dependent utility function for the consumer-worker

for a discount rate
. The agent now maximizes
under the constraint
.
We make the following assumption due to S. Smale (for excess demand):

Euler-Lagrange equations yield

and

with constraint

For the Lagrange multipliers we get

and

Equating, plugging in the constraint and dividing by
yields

First we discuss the case
. Then

and thus (consider
) there is a positive, constant K such that C = K F and we get because of the budget constraint

The constant
is unique and maximizes
. In equilibrium we have
and
. Maximizing K yields
and thus
. Now

and

The case
. In equilibrium
we immediately obtain
. Plugging this into the budget constraint yields
.
Interestingly enough, we get an equilibrium equal to the solution of the time-independent model. How justified is S. Smale’s assumption
? Economists often use linear demand theory and set
. Both approaches seem to be incompatible and both have a draw back. When you scale prices (e.g. by introducing a new currency) demand should stay the same. This is not the case in both settings. One needs currency dependent constants that scale accordingly to fix that. One possibility to avoid that is
. As usual, more options do not improve clarity and calculating the whole model in the general case, i.e.
is not totally conclusive either. For a solution of the Euler-Lagrange equations one obtains under moderate assumptions on the partial derivatives that

Linear demand has
and thus
. The budget constraint implies
which is a constant. We thus can safely exclude linear demand from our considerations. The above equation cannot distinguish between Smale’s assumption and
. However, hidden in the technical assumptions, there seems to be some advantage in Smale’s approach. It remains to clarify the price-scaling issue.